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Risk factors
The reasons Parkinson's disease develops are not well understood, but they are believed to be an interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Having a first degree relative with Parkinson's disease may double the risk, for example. Mutations in the parkin gene allow a buildup of proteins in brain cells that may contribute to neuron death in a small number of people, and a defect in a different gene appears to play a role in many cases of Parkinson's in Jews of eastern European descent and in Arabs and North Africans. In addition, exposure to heavy metals (such as copper), pesticides, and well water has been associated with increased incidence of the disease. On the other hand, cigarette smoking and caffeine intake have been associated with a decreased risk.
Most people who develop Parkinson's are in their 60s, although younger people also are affected. The disease is slightly more prevalent in males and in Caucasians.
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