Degenerative changes of the spinal bones and disks

Degenerative changes to the disks and facet joints in the lumbar spine, often referred to as degenerative osteoarthritis or spondylosis, are an inevitable consequence of aging. They usually begin at about age 20, but MRI studies have detected changes within the disks in teenagers. Degenerative changes, along with vertebral compression fractures and kyphosis, are responsible for the loss of height experienced by many people over age 50.

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As we age, lumbar disks wear out because they are subjected to such large loads. Over the years, the center of the disk slowly loses its water content and shrinks. This flattening of the disks leads to a narrowing of the space between the vertebrae. Also, as a result of supporting heavy loads, the vertebrae may develop bone spurs (osteophytes) that can press on a spinal nerve and cause pain. Another possible cause of pain is deterioration of the facet joints due to disk wear and vertebral changes.

In addition, arthritic changes (caused by a gradual erosion of the cartilage that lines the facet joints of the spine) may lead to pain and loss of the spine's smooth, coordinated motion. Pain can also arise from irritation of nerves present in the outer portion of the disks themselves.